SVR

The Simple View of Reading(SVR)  is the idea that reading comprehension is made up of two main components, word recognition and comprehension.  There is a formula to help understand this view:

Decoding(D) x Language Comprehension(LC) = Reading Comprehension(RC)

D x LC = RC

The idea is that reading comprehension is not possible with strong decoding and language comprehension skills.  Ignoring decoding skills, or teaching students outdated methods such as skipping unknown words does not help a student achieve reading comprehension.  The student must be proficient at both decoding and language comprehension in order to gain reading comprehension.  

Scarborough's Rope

Scarborough's Rope is another tool that researchers have used to help show how students can gain reading comprehension.  It is very similar to the Simple View of Reading, but it shows much more detail than the SVR.  It is shown below:

Scarborough's Rope still shows what skills students to need to achieve fluent reading comprehension, but as you can see from the picture, it is broken down into 8 skills as opposed to the 2 from the SVR.

National Reading Panel

The National Reading Panel was a 14 member panel that congress asked to be assembled in order to evaluate existing research to find the best ways to teach children to read. The panel revealed their findings and stated that the best practice to teaching children to read should focus on the following phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency and oral reading skills, vocabulary, and comprehension.  If a teacher focuses on these 5 methods, then children would have the best chance at learning to read.  This is also not all to different from the SVR or Scarborough's Rope.  All 5 of these could it into different parts on Scarborough's Rope and the SVR.  

Science of Reading

The science of reading takes a look at the different parts of the human brain and how they relate to reading comprehension.  There are 4 main processors in our brain that help develop reading comprehension.  The first is the Phonological Processor, which is the part of our brain that helps us intrepret the sounds we hear.  The second is the Orthographic Processor which helps us to understand written texts.  The orthographic processor is also what helps us memorize what the letters are for automatic word recognition.  Thee third processor is the semantics Processor.  This processor helps us understand the meaning of what we're reading.  This is where our vocabulary comes into play, this processor helps us understand the meaning of the words that we are reading.  The last processor is the Context Processor. This processor helps us to to put what we're reading into context, or helps us to make sense of what we're reading.  This is what helps us to connect the dots to fully understand what we're reading.